Evans School of Public Policy & Governance

This research effort tackles the challenges that simultaneous megafires currently pose to decision makers and stakeholders, and supports proactive planning for future scenarios to mitigate risk (NSF Growing Convergence Research #2019762). Megafires are fires that are unusually large or that require a complex and aggressive firefighting response because of dramatic threats to lives, property, and/or infrastructure. When multiple megafires occur simultaneously, firefighting resources may be strained beyond capacity with catastrophic results. To successfully advance the frontiers of fire science and management to mitigate risk at the intersection of natural and human systems, we are developing a highly convergent approach in a team comprised of researchers from University of Washington, NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research), and University of California, Merced. We bring expertise in decision science, climate science, statistics, and fire science to our collaboration with on the ground decision makers including fire managers, fire ecologists, and land managers for tribal and US government agencies.

We aim to strengthen risk management related to wildfire impacts with improved climate projections in support of decisions regarding land use, fuel and land management, and wildfire suppression, thereby helping to safeguard against the future loss of life, property, infrastructure, and natural resources.

Please contact Alison Cullen alison@uw.edu with questions or to inquire about partnership opportunities.

Data Visualizations

W Logo

Publications

Peer Reviewed:

    1. Kalashnikov, D. A., Davenport, F. V., Labe, Z. M., Loikith, P. C., Abatzoglou, J. T., & Singh, D. (2024). Predicting cloud to‐ground lightning in the western United States from the large‐scale environment using explainable neural networks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 129, e2024JD042147. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042147.
    2. Jones, M. W., Veraverbeke, S., Andela, N., Doerr, S. H., Kolden, C., Mataveli, G., Pettinari, M. L., Le Quéré, C., Rosan, T. M., van der Werf, G. R., van Wees, D., & Abatzoglou, J. T. (2024). Global rise in forest fire emissions linked to climate change in the extratropics. Science, 386(6719), eadl5889. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl5889.
    3. Bradbury, N. P., & Cullen, A. C. (2025). Risk Factors and Wildfire Mitigation Planning by Public Utilities in Washington State. Fire, 8(3), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8030118.
    4. Kenig-Ziesler, A., Cullen, A. C., & Belval, E. J. (2025). A Quantitative Analysis of Firefighter Availability and Prescribed Burning in the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. Fire, 8(5), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8050167.
    5. Kolden, C.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., Jones, M.W., Jain P. (2025) Wildfires in 2024. Nat Rev Earth Environ 6, 237–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00663-0
    6. Jorge, A. L., Abatzoglou, J. T., Fleishman, E., Williams, E. L., Rupp, D. E., Jenkins, J. S., Sadegh, M., Kolden, C.A., Short, K.C., (2025). COVID-19 fueled an elevated number of human-caused ignitions in the western United States during the 2020 wildfire season. Earth’s Future, 13, e2024EF005744. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005744
    7. Kumar, M., AghaKouchak, A., Abatzoglou, J.T. Sadegh, M. (2025) Compounding effects of climate change and WUI expansion quadruple the likelihood of extreme-impact wildfires in California. npj Nat. Hazards 2, 17 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00067-6
    8. Cullen AC, Goldgeier B, Abatzoglou JT, Belval E (2024) Characterising ignition precursors associated with high levels of deployment of wildland fire personnel. International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF23182.
    9. McGinnis, S., Kessenich, L., Mearns, L., Cullen, A., Podschwit, H., & Bukovsky, M. (2023). Future regional increases in simultaneous large Western USA wildfires. International Journal Of Wildland Fire, 32, 1304-1314.
    10. Kolden, C. A., Abatzoglou, J. T., Jones, M. W., & Jain, P. (2024). Wildfires in 2023. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 5(4), 238–240.
    11.  Swain, D. L., Abatzoglou, J. T., Kolden, C., Shive, K., Kalashnikov, D. A., Singh, D., & Smith, E. (2023). Climate change is narrowing and shifting prescribed fire windows in western United States. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 340.
    12. Humphrey R, Saltenberger J, Abatzoglou J, Cullen A, 2024, Near-term fire weather forecasting in the Pacific Northwest using 500-hPa map types, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 33(5). Winner of the William M. Zumeta Doctoral Research Award 2024 University of Washington.
    13. Stoof, C.R., de Vries, J.R., Ribau, M.C., Fernandez, M.F., Flores, D., Villamar, J.G., Kettridge, N., Lartey, D., Moore, P.F., Thacker, F.N., Prichard, S.J., Tersmette, P., Tuljtel, S., Verhaar, I., and Fernandes, P.M. 2024. Megafire: An ambiguous and emotive term best avoided by science. Global Ecology and Biogeography 33: 341-351.
    14. Bloem S, Cullen AC, Abatzoglou JT, Mearns LO, Belval E, 2024, Drivers of international fire management personnel deployed to the United States, International Journal of Wildland Fire, WF23093.
    15. Skinner H, Prichard SJ, Cullen AC, 2024, Decision Support for Landscapes with High Fire Hazard and Competing Values at Risk: The Upper Wenatchee Pilot Project, Fire 2024, 7(3), 77
    16. Abatzoglou JT, McEvoy DJ, Nauslar NJ, Hegewisch KC, Huntington JL (2023) Downscaled subseasonal fire danger forecast skill across the contiguous United States, Atmospheric Science Letters.
    17. McGinnis S, Kessenich L, Mearns L, Cullen A, Podschwit H, Bukovsky M (2023) Future regional increases in simultaneous large Western USA wildfires, International Journal of Wildland Fire (2023).
    18. Abatzoglou, J. T., Kolden, C. A., Williams, A. P., Sadegh, M., Balch, J. K., & Hall, A. (2023). Downslope wind-driven fires in the western United States. Earth’s Future, 11, e2022EF003471.
    19. Cullen AC, Prichard SJ, Abatzoglou JT, Dolk A, Kessenich L, Bloem S, Bukovsky MS, Humphrey R, McGinnis S, Skinner H, Mearns LO.  Growing convergence research: Coproducing climate projections to inform proactive decisions for managing simultaneous wildfire risk, Risk Analysis (2023).
    20. Kalashnikov DA, Abatzoglou JT, Nauslar NJ, Swain DL, Touma D, and Singh D. (2022) Meteorological and geographical factors associated with dry lightning in central and northern California Environ Res: Climate
    21. D’Evelyn, S., Jung, J., Alvarado, E., Baumgartner, J., Caligiuri, P. Hagmann, K., Henderson, S., Hessburg, P., Hopkins, S., Kasner, E., Krawchuk, M., Krenz, J., Lydersen, J., Marlier, M.,  Masuda, Y., Metlen, K., Mittelstaedt, G., Prichard, S., Schollaert, C.,  Spector, J. (2022). Wildfire, smoke exposure, human health, and environmental justice need to be integrated into forest restoration and management. Current Environmental Health Reports. 9: 1-20. 10.1007/s40572-022-00355-7.
    22. Bloem S, Cullen A, Mearns L, Abatzoglou J, 2022, “The role of international resource sharing arrangements in managing fire in the face of climate change, Fire, 5(4), 88.
    23. Hawkins LR, Abatzoglou JT, Li S, Rupp DE. (2022) “Anthropogenic influence on recent severe autumn fire weather in the west coast of the United States” Geophysical Research Letters 48(8).
    24. Gaines W, Hessburg P, Aplet G, Henson P, Prichard S, Churchill D, Jones G, Isaac DJ, and Vynne, C. (2022) “Climate change and the Northwest Forest Plan: managing for dynamic landscapes.” Forest Ecology and Management 504: 119794.
    25. Jain, P, Castellanos-Acuna, D, Coogan, SCP., Abatzoglou, JT & Flannigan, MD “Observed increases in extreme fire weather driven by atmospheric humidity and temperature.” (2021). Nat. Clim. Chang. doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01224-1.
    26. Abatzoglou, JT, Battisti, DS, Williams, AP et al. “Projected increases in western US forest fire despite growing fuel constraints.” (2021). Commun Earth Environ 2, 227.
    27. Abatzoglou, JT, Cullen, AC and Prichard, S, Synchronous fires and fire danger challenge US capacity to respond, The Climate Circulator, September 29, 2021.
    28. Prichard SJ, Hessburg PF, Hagmann RK, Dobrowski S, Povak NA, Hurteau MD, Kane VR, Keane RE, Kobziar LN, Kolden CA, North M, Parks SA, Safford HD, Stevens JT, Yocom LL, Churchill DJ, Gray RW, Huffman DW, Lake FK, and Khatri-Chhetri P. (2021). “Adapting western North American forests to climate change and wildfires: ten common questions” Invited feature. Ecological Applications.
    29. Abatzoglou JT, Rupp DE, O’Neill LW and Sadegh M. (2021). “Compound Extremes Drive the Western Oregon Wildfires of September 2020” Geophysical Research Letters 48(8).
    30. Abatzoglou JT, Juang CS, Williams AP, Kolden CA and LeRoy Westerling A. (2021). “Increasing synchronous fire danger in forests of the western United States” Geophysical Research Letters 48(2).
    31. Cullen AC,  Axe T and  Podschwit H. (2020) “High-severity wildfire potential – associating meteorology, climate, resource demand and wildfire activity with preparedness levels” International Journal of Wildland Fire 30(1):30-41.
    32. Higuera PE and Abatzoglou JT. (2020). “Record-setting climate enabled the extraordinary 2020 fire season in the western United States” Global Change Biology 27(1):1–2.

Book Chapter

  1. Ostrander, Madeline. (Upcoming in 2022). At Home on an Unruly Planet: Finding Refuge on a Changed Earth. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 9781250620514.

Web Application

burn_viz is a web application that allows users to visualize relationships between wildfire occurrence, the location of human populations, and different landcover types. Understanding these relationships is crucial for risk assessment and policymaking, but it can be challenging to navigate data from disparate sources that may be provided in different formats and spatial resolutions. Integrating these elements into a interactive visualization creates an opportunity to explore how wildfire, population, and landcover interact over space and time.

White Paper

Dickinson, MB, Abatzoglou JT, Cullen AC, Fillmore S, Fischer P, French N, Hessburg P, Hogland S, Lake F, Linn R, McCaffrey S, Prichard S, Rinkleff PG. Translational Science to Support Wildfire Management for Cultural and Ecological Benefit (2022, prepared for the Joint Fire Science Program, US Forest Service).

Story Maps

Prescribed versus Wildfire Smoke Emissions Tradeoffs Analysis

Research Goals, Questions, Hypotheses

Our overall research goal is to understand current and future wildfire characteristics to support fire-related decisions throughout the 21st century in the face of resultant suppression resource scarcity and competition in the US. This project will model future patterns and uncertainty in the simultaneous co-occurrence of megafire events to inform risk management.

 Research Questions:

  • How will climate change alter future patterns of wildfire, particularly co-occurring megafires?
  • What implications does this hold for risk management decisions?

We are developing statistical models to represent relationships between biogeophysical and human factors (e.g., ignitions, suppression policy, land and fuel management) and firefighting resource demand at geographical scales relevant to firefighting management decision-making. These resource demand and risk management models will be based on wildfire characteristics, climate, weather, and land history covariates. We are evaluating climate change impacts on ignition patterns and on wildfire risk with regional climate model projections from NA-CORDEX, and observations from the gridMET dataset, by looking at fire danger indices in concert with projected spatiotemporal patterns in anthropogenic activities associated with human-caused fires, as well as diagnostics for lightning activity.

Hypotheses:

  1. We hypothesize that ignition efficiency will increase further with warming, facilitating increased lightning-ignitions, and consequently increases in simultaneous wildfire events.
  2. We hypothesize that a positive feedback may occur where fire suppression resources at the national level become strained, reducing the efficacy of managing active fires and new ignitions, and further increasing resource strain and relative burned area.
  3. We hypothesize that short term fire management decisions (e.g., both fuel management and fire suppression) have significant delayed impacts, and demand innovative scientifically supported decision tools that explicitly account for climate change and the continuing interaction of natural and human systems.

Project Team

Project Team

Alison Cullen, PI, Daniel J. Evans Endowed Professor of Environmental Policy, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle WA. 

John Abatzoglou, Co-PI, Associate Professor, University of California Merced, Merced, CA. 

Seth McGinnis, Co-PI, Associate Scientist IV, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. 

Susan Prichard, Co-PI, Senior Research Scientist, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 

Sunniva Bloem, Research Assistant, PhD student, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA.  

Yu-Chen Chu, Research Assistant, PhD student, Urban Design and Planning,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 

Reed Humphrey, Research Assistant, PhD student, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 

Anna Kenig-Ziesler, Research Assistant, PhD student, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 

Lee Kessenich, Associate Scientist I, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. 

Rachel McCrary, Project Scientist II, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. 

Linda Mearns, Senior Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. 

Mark Nepf, Research Assistant, PhD student, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Cory Struthers, Assistant Professor, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Ashwin Thomas, Research Assistant, PhD student, Environmental Systems,  University of California Merced, Merced, CA. 

 

Graduates

Harry Podschwit, School of Environmental and Forestry Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (PhD, 2020). 

Alex Dolk, School of Forest and Environmental Sciences,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MS, 2021; MPA, 2021). 

Marie Higinbotham, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2022). 

Emily Stephens, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2022).

Mohamed Alkhars, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2023).

Brian Goldgeier, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2023).

David Lu, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2023).

Sam Perkins, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2023).

Evan Pierce, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2023).

Haley Skinner, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2023).

Nick Bradbury, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MPA 2025).

Presentations

Graduate Student Academic Defenses

Dolk, Alex. (MS/MPA 2021). Where There’s Fire, There’s Smoke: Examining Population Exposure to PM2.5 from Prescribed Burning in Northeastern Washington. Concurrent Master’s Thesis. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Podschwit, Harry. (PhD, 2021). Accounting for model uncertainties in statistical forecasts of wildfire parameters. Doctoral Dissertation. School of Environmental And Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Stephens, Emily. (MPA, 2022). Winner of the Environmental Policy & Management Research Prize, All Lands, All Plans: Regional and Forest-Level Planning and Coordination in Eastern Washington Forests. Masters Degree Capstone, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington.

Higinbotham, Marie (MPA 2022). Incorporating Equity into Capital Planning and Decision-Making. Masters Degree Capstone. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Goldgeier, Brian (MPA 2023). Winner of Masters Capstone Justice and Diversity Research Prize, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Skinner, Haley (MPA 2023). Winner of Masters Capstone International Development Research Prize. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Perkins, Sam; Pierce, Evan; Alkhars, Mohamed; Lu, David (MPA 2023). Masters Team Capstone Project with USDA Forest Service on Addressing Disparities in Wildland Firefighter Compensation. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Bradbury, Nickolas (MPA, 2025) Masters Team Capstone Project on Decarbonizing Washington’s Industry Sector: Proposed Actions for Washington’s Comprehensive Climate Action Plan. June 2025. University of Washington, Seattle WA.

 

Conference Presentations

“Risk Factors and Wildfire Mitigation Planning by Public Utilities in Washington State.” Washington State Department of Commerce Energy Safety and Resilience Summit. (Nickolas Bradbury, Alison Cullen) March 10, 2025.

“A Quantitative Analysis of the Relationship Between Firefighter Availability and Prescribed Burning in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest.” (Anna Kenig-Ziesler, Alison Cullen, Erin Belval). US Forest Service’s Rocky Mountain Research Station Wildfire Risk Management Science Team. 18 February 2025.

“Prescribed Fire Implementation and Firefighter Availability in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest.” (Alison Cullen, Anna Kenig-Ziesler, Erin Belval). Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting, December 2024, Austin TX.

“Wildfire – Risk, Community, Communication” (symposium chair Alison Cullen). Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting, December 2024, Austin TX.

“Prescribed Fire Implementation and Firefighter Availability in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest.” (Anna Kenig-Ziesler, Alison Cullen, Erin Belval). American Meteorological Society Fire and Forest Meteorology Symposium, Denver, CO. 14 May 2025.

“Synoptic Weather Patterns Associated with Extreme Fire Spread in the Pacific Northwest.” (Reed Humphrey). American Meteorological Society Fire and Forest Meteorology Symposium, May 2025, Denver CO.

“Outlook for the 2025 California fire season” (John Abatzoglou). Fire Resilience Seminar, Merced, CA, April 2025

“Climate change has increased the odds of extreme regional forest fire years globally” (John Abatzoglou, Crystal Kolden, Alison Cullen, Mojtaba Sadegh, Marco Turco, Matthew Jones). European Geophysical Union annual meeting, Vienna, Austria, May 2025

“Heatwaves enable wildfire activity in the western United States” (Dmitri Kalashnikov, John Abatzoglou Emily Williams; Cong Yin; Madhulika Gurazada; Ashwin Thomas; Precious Ebiendele; Mukesh Kumar). American Meteorological Society Fire and Forest Meteorology Symposium, Denver, CO. 14 May 2025.

“Modeling the drivers of lightning ignitions across the western United States” (Ashwin Thomas, John Abatzoglou). American Meteorological Society Fire and Forest Meteorology Symposium, Denver, CO. 14 May 2025.

“Critical Thresholds: Discontinuities in the Determinants of Wildfire Suppression Resource Use.” (Reed Humphrey, Erin Belval, Alison Cullen). Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting, December 2024, Austin TX.

“The expanding risks of extreme wildfires” (John Abatzoglou). Geological Society of America annual conference, Anaheim, CA, September 2024

“Invited briefing of White House Counsel for Environmental Quality on old forest conservation.” (Susan Prichard) July 18, 2024.

“Converging on the Climate Driven Wildfire Risks of the Wildland Urban Interface”. (Lee Kessenich, Melissa Bukovsky, Rachel McCrary, Reed Humphrey, Alison Cullen, John Abatzoglou: AGU24, Washington D.C.. Oral Presentation. December 13th, 2024.

“Wildland Fuels in Three Dimensions – from point clouds to improved estimates of combustible biomass, fire behavior, and fire-vegetation feedbacks.” Susan J. Prichard, Eric Rowell, Russ Parsons, Andrew Hudak. NASA Wildland Fire Management special session. AGU Conference, Washington DC. December 2024.

“Projected changes in inter-regional simultaneity of megafires in the Western US based on NA-CORDEX regional climate simulations.” (Seth McGinnis, Lee Kessenich, Linda Mearns, Melissa Bukovsky, Alison Cullen).  2023 Wildfire Risk Management Science Weekly Series, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service. Virtual, July 27, 2023.

“Co-producing Actionable Climate Science for Wildland Fire Operations and Policy.” (Lee Kessenich, Melissa Bukovsky, Seth McGinnis, Linda Mearns, Alison Cullen, John Abatzoglou). 28th Annual CESM Workshop, Boulder, CO. 12 June 2023.

“Reimagining fire-adapted forests: place-based adaptation strategies for western landscapes” (Susan Prichard) Opening plenary talk for the Cross-boundary Workshop. Southwest Chapter for the Society for Ecological Restoration. Fort Collins, CO. 2 May 2023.

“A Multi-Index Examination of Future Fire Season Length and Severity over the United States.” (Lee Kessenich, Melissa Bukovsky, Seth McGinnis, Linda Mearns, John Abatzoglou, Alison Cullen). AMS 14th Fire and Fire Meteorology Symposium, virtual, 3 May 2023.

“Fire Weather Forecasting in the Pacific Northwest using 500mb Map Types.” (Reed Humphrey, John Saltenberger, John Abatzoglou, and Alison Cullen). AMS Fire and Forest Meteorology Symposium, Minneapolis MN, 4 May 2023.

” A Multi-Index Examination of Future Fire Season Length and Severity over the United States” (Melissa Bukovsky, Lee Kessenich, Seth McGinnis, Linda Mearns, John Abatzoglou, and Alison Cullen) EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 2023.

“Projected Changes in Inter-Regional Simultaneity of Megafires in the Western US Based on NA-CORDEX Regional Climate Simulations” (Seth McGinnis, Lee Kessenich, Linda Mearns, Melissa S Bukovsky, Alison Cullen). AMS Annual Meeting, Denver, CO. January 2023.

“Co-producing Actionable Climate Science for Wildland Fire Operations and Policy.” (Lee Kessenich, Melissa Bukovsky, Seth McGinnis, Linda Mearns, Alison Cullen, John Abatzoglou). AMS Annual Meeting, Denver, CO. January 2023.

“Climate change adaptation and proactive fuel reduction treatments.” (Susan Prichard) Wildfire Resilience Summit, Jackson, WY. 28 September 2022.

“Upper Wenatchee Pilot Project Workshop” (Haley Skinner, Susan Prichard, Alison Cullen), University of Washington (online) 15 November 2022.

“Projected Changes in Inter-Regional Simultaneity of Megafires in the Western US Based on NA-CORDEX Regional Climate Simulations” (Seth McGinnis, Lee Kessenich, Linda Mearns, Melissa S Bukovsky, Alison Cullen). AGU Fall Meeting, Chicago IL. December 2022.

“A Multi-Index Examination of Future Fire Season Length and Severity Over the United States.” (Melissa S Bukovsky, Lee Kessenich, Seth McGinnis, Linda Mearns, John Abatzoglou, Alison Cullen). AGU Fall Meeting, Chicago, IL. 16 Dec 2022.

“International Cooperation for Managing Wildfire Risk” (Sunniva Bloem, Alison Cullen, Linda Mearns, John Abatzoglou), Society for Risk Analysis, Annual Meeting, Tampa FL, December 2022.

“Fire Weather Forecasting in the Pacific Northwest” (Reed Humphrey, John Saltenberger, John Abatzoglou, Seth McGinnis, Alison Cullen) Society for Risk Analysis, Annual Meeting, Tampa FL, December 2022.

“Risk Management through Megafire Response” (Alison Cullen, Erin Belval, Haley Skinner, Brian Goldgeier, Sunniva Bloem, John Abatzoglou), Society for Risk Analysis, Annual Meeting, Tampa FL, December 2022.

“Growing Convergence Research: Co-producing Climate Projection Information for Managing Risk from Simultaneous Wildfires” (Alison Cullen, Reed Humphrey, Lee Kessenich, Seth McGinnis, John Abatzoglou), Society for Risk Analysis, Annual Meeting, Tampa FL, December 2022.

“Drivers of lightning-ignition efficiency in California forests.” (Ashwin Thomas). 2022 Yosemite Hydroclimate Meeting, Yosemite National Park. October 13, 2022.

“Taming fire: panel on climate change and wildfires” (Don Hankins, Susan Prichard) Aspen Ideas Festival, Aspen, CO. June 29, 2022.

“Western wildfires – adapting to a future with more fire” (Susan Prichard) University of Washington Botanical Gardens Plenary, March 2, 2022. [online]

“Where there’s fire, there’s smoke: Examining Population Exposure to PM2.5 from Prescribed Burning in Northeastern Washington.” (Ernesto Alvarado, Alison Cullen, Alex Dolk). International Association of Wildland Fire & Climate Conference, Pasadena, CA. May 2022.

“Future changes in Simultaneous Megafire projected by NA-CORDEX” (Melissa Bukovsky) European Geophysical Union. Vienna. May 2022

“Drivers of lightning-ignition efficiency in California forests.” (Ashwin Thomas). International Association of Wildland Fire Conference: Fire & Climate 2022, Pasadena, CA. May 2022.

“Multimodel Uncertainty in Projected Changes of Simultaneous Megafires in the Great Basin Based on NA-CORDEX Regional Climate Simulations.” (Seth McGinnis, Lee Kessenich, Harry Podschwit, Linda Mearns, Melissa Bukovsky, and Alison Cullen). AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans LA. December 2021.

“Managing Future Fire Risk – an NSF Growing Convergence Research Project.” (Alison Cullen). Society for Risk Analysis 2021 Annual Meeting. December 2021.

“The role of international resource sharing arrangements in wildfire risk management in the face of climate change.” (Sunniva Bloem). Society for Risk Analysis 2021 Annual Meeting. December 2021.

“Symposium: Managing and Reducing the Risk of wildfire through Response and Fuel Treatment.” (Alison Cullen). Society for Risk Analysis 2021 Annual Meeting. December 2021.

“Projected Effects of Climate Change on Simultaneous North American Megafires Based on NA-CORDEX Regional Climate Simulations.”  (Seth McGinnis, Harry Podschwit, Lee Kessenich, Linda Mearns, and Alison Cullen) GC081-07, 2020 Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, December 2020 https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/687152

“Managing Future Risk of Increasing Simultaneous Megafires” (Alison Cullen, Harry Podschwit, Linda Mearns, John Abatzoglou, Seth McGinnis, Melissa Bukovsky, Susan Prichard) Society for Risk Analysis 2020 Annual Meeting, December 2020.

 

Workshops

UW Evans School Capstone Presentation and Workshop May 2023

Upper Wenatchee Pilot Project Decision Analysis, Stakeholder Workshop, Autumn 2022.

NSF Growing Convergence Research Managing Future Risk of Simultaneous Wildfire. Stakeholder Workshop. April 2021.

NSF Growing Convergence Research Managing Future Risk of Simultaneous Wildfire.” Stakeholder Workshop. June 2021.

Convergence Workshop on Simultaneous Fires, Stakeholder Focus Group, Association for Fire Ecology. November 2021.

 

Webinars, Seminars, and Podcasts

“The expanding risks of extreme wildfires” (John Abatzoglou). National Association for Business Economics, Webinar, February 2025

FFERAL (Forest & Fire Ecology Random Lectures) Series: Lessons from first-entry burns and reburns: from novel fire exclusion to fire-adapted landscapes (Susan Prichard). University of California Davis. April 2025.

“The future of wildland fuels is 3D.” (Susan Prichard) Fabulous Fuels Fridays, USFS Washington Office spring webinar series. April 2025.

“Braiding Indigenous Knowledge and Western Science to Adapt Forests to Climate Change” (Cristina Eisenberg and Susan Prichard) Yale Forestry Summit. October 2024.

“Rekindling our Relationship with Wildfire” Climate One Podcast(Susan Prichard) June 7, 2024

“Invited briefing to White House staff on climate change and wildfires” (Susan Prichard). June 29, 2023

“Climate and wildfires in western North America: a case for proactive management” (Susan Prichard) Environmental Science Speaker Series, Western Washington University. May 18, 2023.

“GCR 2023: Lessons from the Field” (Alison Cullen) NSF Growing Convergence Research Program, April 6 2023.

“Overview of the 10 Common Questions paper” (Susan Prichard) Meeting with Okanogan Wenatchee National Forest Late Successional Reserve Working Group. April 4, 2023.

“Adapting western forests to climate change and wildfires” (Susan Prichard) Southwest Fire Science Consortium Webinar. January 31, 2023.

“Public webinar: Adapting western forests to climate change and wildfires.” (Susan Prichard and Keala Hagmann) September 9, 2022.

“CALFIRE executives webinar: Adapting western forests to climate change and wildfires.” (Susan Prichard and Keala Hagmann) September 1, 2022.

“Burning Issues: Wildfires” Podcast. (Alison Cullen). Burning Issues. University of Chicago. June 2022.

“Western wildfires – adapting to a future with more fire.” (Susan Prichard)  Rotary District 5060 Environmental Sustainability Committee. June 16, 2022. [online]

“Landscape fuel treatments and wildland fire management strategies within recent large fire events of north-central Washington State”(Susan Prichard)  Missoula Fire Science Lecture Series. April 28, 2022. [online]

“Landscape fuel treatments and wildland fire management strategies within recent large fire events” (Prichard, S., Povak, N., Lemons, R., and Griffey, V.) Northwest Fire Science Consortium Webinar. November 18, 2021.

“Climate change and the risk of Western fire activity.” (John Abatzoglou). IBHS Disaster Dynamics Academy, March 2022.

“Climate Change and Simultaneous Megafires in the Western US.” (Seth McGinnis). Presentation, CGD Seminar, Boulder CO, 1 March 2022. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tt9HnbMjv9o.

“Climate change adaptation for western forests, watersheds, and communities.” (Susan Prichard). FEMA Region 10 Regional Interagency Steering Committee (RISC) Meeting. March 2022.

“Climate change impacts on demand for emergency resources.” (Reed Humphrey). FEMA Region 10 Regional Interagency Steering Committee (RISC) Meeting. March 2022.

“Western wildfires – adapting to a future with more fire.” (Susan Prichard). University of Washington Botanical Gardens, Seattle, WA, March 2, 2022.

“Common questions about adaptive forest management.” (Susan Prichard). Guest lecture, Environmental and Resource Management 101: Forests and Society. February 2022.

“Managing Future Risk of Increasing Simultaneous Megafires” (Melissa Bukovsky), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Research Applications Lab, December 2021.

“Landscape fuel treatments and wildland fire management strategies within recent large fire events.” (Susan Prichard, N Povak, R Lemons, V Griffey). Northwest Fire Science Consortium Webinar. November 18, 2021.

“Climate driven fire hazards: knowledge and limitations.” (John Abatzoglou). Bureau of Meteorology Annual Conference, Melbourne Australia (remote), November 2021.

“Common questions about adaptive forest management.” (Susan Prichard). Society of American Foresters, Washington Chapter. Webinar, November 11, 2021.

“Wildfire Smoke Engagement Workshop: Fire Ecology.” (Susan Prichard). SNAPP wildfire smoke engagement workshop Okanogan, WA, November 8, 2021.

“Common questions about adaptive forest management.” (Susan Prichard, P Hessburg, K Hagmann). UW School of Environmental and Forest Sciences Fall Seminar Series, October 28, 2021.

“The rise of fire in the Western United States: drives, impacts, and solutions” (John Abatzoglou). National Academies of Engineers, Sep 2021

“Climate Challenges for Wildland Fire Management” (John Abatzoglou).  University of California Wildfire Symposium Series, Aug 2021

Colorado Congressional Forum on Wildfire and Extreme Climate, Rep. Joe Neguse, Linda Mearns,  discussant, Highlands Institute Boulder,  August 2021.

“Compound Extremes Drive the Western Oregon Wildfires of September 2020” (John Abatzoglou) Pacific Northwest Drought Early Warning System webinar series, June 2021.

“Wildfire Risk Management and Decision Analytic Approaches” (Alison Cullen) Research Highlights, Evans School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, March 19, 2021.

“Climate Change Impacts in Colorado” (Melissa Bukovsky) Protect Our Winters, Colorado Chapter.  January 2021.

“Climate information for fire management in SW Forests” (John  Abatzoglou)  Fire Science & Management in an Uncertain Future webinar series, December 2020.

“Wildfires and Climate Change in the Pacific Northwest.” (Susan Prichard) Association of Women in Science – Seattle Chapter. December 2020.

“Climate change and the risk of Western fire activity, Wildfires, Litigation, and What Science Can Tell Us” (John Abatzoglou) National Judicial College webinar, October 2020.

“Fuel Treatments and Megafires: lessons from the large fires in north-central WA” (Susan Prichard) University of California Fire Science Seminar Series. October 2020.

“Why are wildfires increasing in the Pacific Northwest?” (Susan Prichard) Washington on Fire Seminar, Washington State University Graduate and Professional Student Science Policy Initiative. October 2020.

“Wildfire Risk Management: Future Trends and Impact on Decision Making” (Alison Cullen) Cascadia Wildfire and Urban Smoke Webinar, Seattle, WA, 2020.

Policy Messages

Climate Projections and Simultaneous Wildfires

  • Fire weather meteorologists can make better near-term predictions of the number of daily ignitions and the occurrence of large wildfires if they take into consideration synoptic-scale weather patterns (Humphrey et al. under revision, 2024).
  • Unless we take steps to address the situation – most of the Western US is projected to see numbers of simultaneous, 1000+ acre fires that historically occurred once every ten years happening once every five years – or even more frequently (McGinnis et al., 2022).
  • In the US, the median number of large fires (i.e., greater than the historic 75th percentile) occurring simultaneously from July to September was about 3 times higher in 2010-2019 than it was in 1984-1993 (Podschwit and Cullen, 2020; Cullen et al., 2023).
  • During the month of peak fire intensity in the US, the number of large fires (i.e., greater than the historic 75th percentile) occurring simultaneously was twice as high in 2010-2019 as it was in 1984-1993 (Podschwit and Cullen, 2020; Cullen et al, 2023).
  • In Alaska, the average number of large fires (i.e., greater than the historic 75th percentile) during peak fire activity months approximately doubled in 2002-2019 compared to 1984-2001. In the Northwest US, the average number of large fires during peak fire activity months increased almost 30% between these two periods (Cullen et al, 2023).
  • In the Northern Rockies region, conditions of more than 35 simultaneous wildfires 1000+ acres in size, which historically occurred once per decade, are projected to occur on average every two years by the end of this century (McGinnis et al., 2022).
  • Map types explain variation in wildfire occurrence not captured by fire danger indices based on surface weather alone, with specific map types associated with significantly higher expected daily ignition counts than expected in half of the subregions (Humphrey et al. 2024).
  • Incorporating upper-air map types enhances the explanatory power of subregional fire danger models by reducing the miss rate for large fires without substantively increasing the false alarm rate over historical 7-day Significant Fire Potential Outlooks (Humphrey et al. 2024).
  • Subseasonal climate forecasts demonstrate some credibility in two-to-three week outlooks of fire weather indices (Abatzoglou et al. 2023).
  • Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be built to predict the occurrence of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning across the western U.S., and these CNNs can be used to parameterize CG lightning in climate models to examine changes in future CG lightning occurrence with projected climate change (Kalashnikov et al. 2024).
  • Understanding changes in CG lightning risk across the western U.S. could inform fire management, planning, and disaster preparedness (Kalashnikov et al. 2024).
  • Extratropical forest fire emissions have increased substantially under climate change, while fire emissions have declined in tropical pyromes. This highlights the importance of climatic factors, as human activities play a more dominant role in tropical regions (Jones et al. 2024).
  • The trend toward greater extratropical forest fire emissions poses a challenge for efforts to tackle climate change, as fire is reducing the capacity of forests to act as C sinks. Considering regional distinctions when developing strategies to manage fire and protect fire ecosystems is crucial (Jones et al. 2024).

Preparing for Future Wildfire Seasons – Resource Preparedness

  • Federal firefighters are earning up to 50% less per month than state firefighters in four western states, despite spending more time on the job. This pay gap poses a substantial barrier to hiring and retaining firefighters for federal roles, which has been reflected in a large percentage of open positions in some locations. (Alkhars et al. 2023)
  • As periods of co-occurring wildfire increasingly overlap across US regions, competition for suppression resources has been increasing, a trend which is expected to continue and intensify. (Podschwit and Cullen, 2020; Cullen et al., 2020).
  • The current capacity, in terms of hiring, staffing and preparing, of fire operations organizations is insufficient for responding effectively in the coming decades given the projected number and intensity of impactful fires. (Podschwit and Cullen, 2020; Cullen et al., 2020).
  • In the Western US, the season during which wildfires compete for suppression resources is projected to begin 2-4 weeks earlier and end 2 weeks later in 2040-2070 than it did during 1980-2010. Overall, wildfire season length will increase by 4-6 weeks. (McGinnis et al, 2022).
  • In 2021, the US national preparedness level reached its maximum (PL=5) at the earliest point in the year ever recorded, 14 July, indicating that suppression resources were already fully committed in response to simultaneous active fires at that date. (Abatzoglou et al., 2021).
  • With increasing intensity of wildfire seasons, national resources will be subject to ever higher levels of competition, necessitating increased reliance on international resource-sharing relationships. (Bloem et al., 2022).
  • International personnel sharing is more likely when the United States reaches higher preparedness levels, experiences larger area burned, and when fires pose a greater impact on people and structures (Bloem et al. 2024).
  • Both overlapping fire seasons and occurrence of intense fire seasons during times of low availability of hired resources internationally can limit international resource sharing (Bloem et al. 2024).
  • Understanding the factors associated with utilities’ wildfire mitigation planning can help policymakers prioritize resources and offer practical support for utilities. In Washington, inclusion of PSPS provisions by public or cooperative electric utilities in wildfire mitigation planning is significantly associated with higher wildfire hazard potential, while installation of non-expulsion fuses is negatively associated with socioeconomic vulnerability in service populations (Bradbury and Cullen 2025).
  • In the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, unavailability of firefighters is associated with lower odds of prescribed burning in the fall season, controlling for weather conditions. If agencies aim to increase prescribed burning, firefighter availability should be prioritized in the fall (Kenig-Ziesler et al. 2025).
  • The Integrated Human-centric Wildfire Risk Index (IHWRI) can be used to quantify the compounding effects of fire-weather intensification and anthropogenic factors (i.e., ignitions and WUI expansion), which is crucial for understanding human-centric wildfire risk. The compounding effects of climatic trends and WUI expansion in California quadruple the likelihood of extreme-impact wildfires (Kumar et al. 2025).

Proactive Forest Management (Mitigating fire risk under climate change)

  • Fire management in the US must become proactive rather than reactive in the face of the lengthening of the simultaneous wildfire season by several weeks, alongside a notable increase in the risk of extreme fire weather.
  • In recent decades, increased area burned by western wildfires has been associated with uncharacteristically large patches of high-severity, stand-replacing fire. (Parks and Abatzoglou 2020, Hagmann et al. 2021).
  • Because high-severity fire events can be catalysts for vegetation change, trends in large wildfires and burn severity have implications for rapid ecosystem shifts and declines in valued resources. (Kemp et al. 2019, Stevens-Rumann and Morgan 2019, Coop et al. 2020).
  • Combining western science and Indigenous knowledge systems is foundational to intentionally restoring and adapting western forest ecosystems (Kimmerer and Lake 2001, Lake et al. 2017, Roos et al. 2021).” (Prichard et al. 2021)
  • Adaptive management is a learning-by-doing method of responding to ecosystem changes, informed by effectiveness monitoring. (Lyons et al. 2008, Larson et al. 2013b).
  • Restoring open forest structure and composition, favoring larger tree sizes, and reducing surface fuels can effectively mitigate future wildfire severity in dry, fire-prone forests, including oak and pine woodland and semi-arid mixed conifer forests of the western US.
  • Despite calls to restore fire as a cultural and ecological process (e.g., The U.S. National Wildland Fire Cohesive Strategy), the dominant approach to wildfire management continues to be aggressive suppression. (Prichard et al. 2021)
  • Under active fire suppression, forest infilling and fuel accumulation predisposes forests to high-severity fire when fire inevitably returns to the locations where it has been previously suppressed. (North et al. 2015b)
  • Windows for implementing prescribed fire based on weather conditions have and are projected to change, and the shifts in windows of opportunity for utilizing prescribed fire require increased seasonal and interannual flexibility (Swain et al. 2024).
  • Despite changes in prescribed fire windows, there are ample opportunities for using this proactive fire management approach today and into the future, guided by weather conditions (Swain et al. 2024).
  • Leveraging existing wildfire decision support systems like the Interagency Fuel Treatment Decision Support System (IFTDSS) can improve risk analysis by evaluating tradeoffs holistically among competing values of risk (Skinner et al. 2024).
  • During the 2020 fire season, the combination of very dry conditions and social disruptions caused by COVID-19 led to widespread increases in human-caused ignitions. Understanding how changes in social behavior can contribute to human-caused fires can inform future resource management (Jorge et al. 2025).

Press Coverage

Press/Coverage

“Fuel to the Fire” MINNPOST June 2024 (McGinnis, Cullen)

“New report ‘braids’ Indigenous and Western knowledge for forest adaptation strategies against climate change” UW News April 10 2024

“Fueled by climate change, extreme wildfires have doubled in 20 years”  The Washington Post. June 24, 2024

“Global CO2 emissions from forest fires increase by 60%” UC Merced. October 17, 2024

“Study: CO2 emissions from forest fires have increased 60% over last two decades” Ventura County Star. October 24, 2024:

“California wildfires: Why are they happening and is climate change to blame?” EuroNews. January 9, 2025:

“Don’t expect to see LA-style wildfires in Las Vegas” Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 9, 2025

“It’s not really the typical time for nasty California fires. What changed that?” AP News. January 9, 2025

“What are the Santa Ana winds that have driven LA fires?”  LiveNowFox. January 9, 2025

“Are arsonists responsible for the Los Angeles wildfires?” NBC News. January 2025

“Climate change parches Western US, providing fuel for fires”  The Hill. January 2025

“California fires may be among ‘costliest natural disasters in US history’; causes still under investigation”  Global Times. January 2025

“‘Literally off the charts’: LA’s critically dry conditions stun scientists as fires rage” CalMatters. January 2025

“A new kind of urban firestorm” The Washington Post. January 2025

“Climate change made conditions that fed California wildfires more likely and intense, preliminary study finds” PBS. January 2025

“Climate change caused hot, dry conditions that made LA wildfires 35% more likely: WWA” DownToEarth. January 2025

“EOS: How much did climate change affect the Los Angeles wildfires?” Maven’s Notebook. January 2025

“What old trees can teach us about wildfires” The Washington Post. March 2025

“Researchers Look Ahead to Fire Season 2025” UC Merced. April 2025

“How bad will California wildfires be this summer? Experts weigh in on forecast” The Sacramento Bee. May 2025

“Yes, ‘zombie fires’ can happen in the Pacific Northwest. Here’s how they work” King5News. July 2024.

Wildfire Series 3 explain how climate change makes wildfire seasons worse  Project Optimist April 2024.

How years of fighting every wildfire helped fuel the Western megafires of today FreeThink.com, Jun 4, 2023

Talking Points: The health risks from Minnesota’s hazy skies, CBS News Minnesota, June 21, 2023

California is seeing more days of fire weather. Map shows areas with biggest spikes. San Francisco Chronicle, May 24, 2023

Western organizations push back on lawsuit seeking to restrict aerial fire retardant use. Northwest Public Broadcasting, Mar 15, 2023

Does Thinning Work for Wildfire Prevention. High Country News. February 2023.

In the Northwest and beyond, mature and old-growth trees remain under threat in spite of Biden’s move to protect them, InvestigateWest. September 2022.

Fire danger escalating in Northern California as McKinney blaze erupts, Washington Post. July 30, 2022.

August is coming. Prepare for climate calamity, Los Angeles Times. July 28, 2022.

Prescribed fires: Why they’re still trusted despite runaway blaze, Christian Science Monitor. July 19, 2022.

Climate change: wildfire risk has grown nearly everywhere – but we can still influence where and how fires strike, The  Conversation. June 30, 2022.

Americans Don’t Trust one of the Best Methods to Control Wildfires, TIME. May 2022.

Briefing with President Biden – climate crisis and Executive Order strengthening America’s forests, boosting wildfire resilience, and combating global deforestation. April 2022.

The Return of Intentional Forest Fires: Scientists look to Indigenous practices, Bioscience. March 17, 2022.

Western US’s Worst Drought in 1,200 Years Brings Year-Long Fire Season, Truthout. 13 March 13, 2022.

‘In wildfire ‘pivot’ experts question federal focus,’ Roll Call. January 28, 2022.

For Forest Blazes Grown Wilder, an Alternative: The ‘Good Fire,’ Undark. October 25, 2021.

Local fire ecologist addresses forest management debate, Methow Valley News. September 1, 2021.

Experts call for expanded wildfire prevention tactics as fire seasons become more extreme, Yakima Herald-Republic. September 7, 2021.

An Update on This Year’s Wildfires: It’s Bad! The Stranger. August 26, 2021.

Wildfires grow worldwide as climate sizzles, Associated Press. August 13, 2021.

Forest management not so clear cut, Street Roots. August 17, 2021.

Wildfires: How are they linked to climate change? BBC. August 11, 2021.

What The UN’s Latest Climate Report Means For Colorado, Colorado Public Radio. August 9, 2021.

How years of fighting every wildfire helped fuel the Western megafires of today, The Conversation. August 2, 2021.

State of the science on western wildfires, forests and climate change, UW News. August 2, 2021.

US heatwave: Could US and Canada see the worst wildfires yet? Reality Check Team, BBC. July 13, 2021.

States spend big as water levels fall, raising risks for catastrophic fires, The Hill. June 29, 2021.

Software, Data Products

All software and data products generated by this project are publicly available. The code and documentation that we have developed for calculating fire indices in support of climate projections is publicly available on GitHub. Visualizations appear in both published papers and above on this page.

burn_viz is a web application that allows users to visualize relationships between wildfire occurrence, the location of human populations, and different landcover types. Understanding these relationships is crucial for risk assessment and policymaking, but it can be challenging to navigate data from disparate sources that may be provided in different formats and spatial resolutions. Integrating these elements into a interactive visualization creates an opportunity to explore how wildfire, population, and landcover interact over space and time.